groovy.transform

Annotation Type ToString

@Documented
 @Retention(value=RUNTIME)
 @Target(value=TYPE)
public @interface ToString

Class annotation used to assist in the creation of toString() methods in classes. The @ToString annotation instructs the compiler to execute an AST transformation which adds the necessary toString() method.

It allows you to write classes in this shortened form:

  @ToString
 class Customer {
     String first, last
     int age
     Date since = new Date()
     Collection favItems
     private answer = 42
 }
 println new Customer(first:'Tom', last:'Jones', age:21, favItems:['Books', 'Games'])
 

Which will have this output:

 Customer(Tom, Jones, 21, Wed Jul 14 23:57:14 EST 2010, [Books, Games])
 

There are numerous options to customize the format of the generated output. E.g. if you change the first annotation to:

  @ToString(includeNames=true)
 

Then the output will be:

 Customer(first:Tom, last:Jones, age:21, since:Wed Jul 14 23:57:50 EST 2010, favItems:[Books, Games])
 

Or if you change the first annotation to:

  @ToString(includeNames=true,includeFields=true,excludes="since,favItems")
 

Then the output will be:

 Customer(first:Tom, last:Jones, age:21, answer:42)
 

If you have this example:

 import groovy.transform.ToString
 @ToString class NamedThing {
     String name
 }
 @ToString(includeNames=true,includeSuper=true)
 class AgedThing extends NamedThing {
     int age
 }
 String agedThingAsString = new AgedThing(name:'Lassie', age:5).toString()
 assert agedThingAsString == 'AgedThing(age:5, super:NamedThing(Lassie))'
 

@ToString can also be used in conjunction with @Canonical and @Immutable.

If you want to omit fields or properties referring to null, you can use the ignoreNulls flag:

 import groovy.transform.ToString
 @ToString(ignoreNulls = true) class NamedThing {
     String name
 }
 assert new NamedThing(name: null).toString() == 'NamedThing()'
 

By default the fully-qualified class name is used as part of the generated toString. If you want to exclude the package, you can set the includePackage flag to false, e.g.:

 package my.company
 import groovy.transform.ToString
  @ToString(includePackage = false) class NamedThing {
     String name
 }
 println new NamedThing(name: "Lassie")
 

Which results in:

 NamedThing(name: Lassie)
 

If the includePackage flag is true (the default), then the output will be:

 my.company.NamedThing(name: Lassie)
 

More examples:

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------    
 // Most simple implementation of toString.
 import groovy.transform.ToString

 @ToString
 class Person {
     String name
     List likes
     private boolean active = false
 }

 def person = new Person(name: 'mrhaki', likes: ['Groovy', 'Java'])

 assert person.toString() == 'Person(mrhaki, [Groovy, Java])'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------    
 // includeNames to output the names of the properties.
 import groovy.transform.ToString

 @ToString(includeNames=true)
 class Person {
     String name
     List likes
     private boolean active = false
 }

 def person = new Person(name: 'mrhaki', likes: ['Groovy', 'Java'])

 assert person.toString() == 'Person(name:mrhaki, likes:[Groovy, Java])'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // includeFields to not only output properties, but also field values.
 import groovy.transform.ToString

 @ToString(includeNames=true, includeFields=true)
 class Person {
     String name
     List likes
     private boolean active = false
 }

 def person = new Person(name: 'mrhaki', likes: ['Groovy', 'Java'])

 assert person.toString() == 'Person(name:mrhaki, likes:[Groovy, Java], active:false)'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------    
 // Use includeSuper to include properties from super class in output.
 import groovy.transform.ToString

 @ToString(includeNames=true)
 class Person {
     String name
     List likes
     private boolean active = false
 }

 @ToString(includeSuper=true, includeNames=true)
 class Student extends Person {
     List courses
 }

 def student = new Student(name: 'mrhaki', likes: ['Groovy', 'Java'], courses: ['IT', 'Business'])

 assert student.toString() == 'Student(courses:[IT, Business], super:Person(name:mrhaki, likes:[Groovy, Java]))'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------    
 // excludes active field and likes property from output
 import groovy.transform.ToString

 @ToString(includeNames=true, includeFields=true, excludes='active,likes')
 class Person {
     String name
     List likes
     private boolean active = false
 }

 def person = new Person(name: 'mrhaki', likes: ['Groovy', 'Java'])

 assert person.toString() == 'Person(name:mrhaki)'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Don't include the package name in the output
 package com.mrhaki.blog.groovy

 import groovy.transform.*

 @ToString(includePackage=false)
 class Course {
     String title
     Integer maxAttendees
 }

 final Course course = new Course(title: 'Groovy 101', maxAttendees: 200)

 assert course.toString() == 'Course(Groovy 101, 200)'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Don't use properties with null value.
 package com.mrhaki.blog.groovy

 import groovy.transform.*

 @ToString(ignoreNulls=true)
 class Course {
     String title
     Integer maxAttendees
 }

 final Course course = new Course(title: 'Groovy 101')

 assert course.toString() == 'com.mrhaki.blog.groovy.Course(Groovy 101)'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Cache toString() result.
 package com.mrhaki.blog.groovy

 import groovy.transform.*

 @ToString(cache=true)
 class Course {
     String title
     Integer maxAttendees
 }

 Course course = new Course(title: 'Groovy 101', maxAttendees: 200)

 assert course.toString() == 'com.mrhaki.blog.groovy.Course(Groovy 101, 200)'

 // Value change will not be reflected in toString().
 course.title = 'Grails with REST'

 assert course.toString() == 'com.mrhaki.blog.groovy.Course(Groovy 101, 200)'
 assert course.title == 'Grails with REST'
 

Since:

1.8.0

See Also:

Immutable, Canonical

Optional Element Summary

Optional Elements

Modifier and Type	Optional Element and Description
boolean	allNames Whether to include all fields and/or properties in the generated toString, including those with names that are considered internal.
boolean	allProperties Whether to include all properties (as per the JavaBean spec) in the generated toString.
boolean	cache Whether to cache toString() calculations.
String[]	excludes List of field and/or property names to exclude from generated toString.
boolean	ignoreNulls Don't display any fields or properties with value null.
boolean	includeFields Include fields as well as properties in the generated toString.
boolean	includeNames Whether to include names of properties/fields in the generated toString.
boolean	includePackage Whether to include the fully-qualified class name (i.e.
String[]	includes List of field and/or property names to include within the generated toString.
boolean	includeSuper Whether to include the toString() of super in the generated toString.
boolean	includeSuperFields Include super fields in the generated toString.
boolean	includeSuperProperties Whether to include super properties in the generated toString.

Element Detail

excludes

public abstract String[] excludes

List of field and/or property names to exclude from generated toString. Must not be used if 'includes' is used. For convenience, a String with comma separated names can be used in addition to an array (using Groovy's literal list notation) of String values.

Default:

{}

includes

public abstract String[] includes

List of field and/or property names to include within the generated toString. The order of inclusion is determined by the order in which the names are specified. Must not be used if 'excludes' is used. For convenience, a String with comma separated names can be used in addition to an array (using Groovy's literal list notation) of String values. The default value is a special marker value indicating that no includes are defined; all fields and/or properties are included if 'includes' remains undefined and 'excludes' is explicitly or implicitly an empty list. The special name 'super' can be used instead of using the 'includeSuper' flag.

Default:

"<DummyUndefinedMarkerString-DoNotUse>"

includeSuper

public abstract boolean includeSuper

Whether to include the toString() of super in the generated toString.

Default:

false

includeNames

public abstract boolean includeNames

Whether to include names of properties/fields in the generated toString.

Default:

false

includeFields

public abstract boolean includeFields

Include fields as well as properties in the generated toString. Fields come after any properties.

Default:

false

includeSuperProperties

public abstract boolean includeSuperProperties

Whether to include super properties in the generated toString. Groovy properties, JavaBean properties and fields (in that order) from superclasses come after the members from a subclass (unless 'includes' is used to determine the order).

Since:

2.4.0

Default:

false

includeSuperFields

public abstract boolean includeSuperFields

Include super fields in the generated toString. Groovy properties, JavaBean properties and fields (in that order) from superclasses come after the members from a subclass (unless 'includes' is used to determine the order).

Since:

2.5.0

Default:

false

ignoreNulls

public abstract boolean ignoreNulls

Don't display any fields or properties with value null.

Default:

false

includePackage

public abstract boolean includePackage

Whether to include the fully-qualified class name (i.e. including the package) or just the simple class name in the generated toString.

Since:

2.0.6

Default:

true

allProperties

public abstract boolean allProperties

Whether to include all properties (as per the JavaBean spec) in the generated toString. Groovy recognizes any field-like definitions with no explicit visibility as property definitions and always includes them in the @ToString generated toString (as well as auto-generating the appropriate getters and setters). Groovy also treats any explicitly created getXxx() or isYyy() methods as property getters as per the JavaBean specification. Old versions of Groovy did not. So set this flag to false for the old behavior or if you want to explicitly exclude such properties. JavaBean properties come after any Groovy properties but before any fields for a given class (unless 'includes' is used to determine the order).

Since:

2.5.0

Default:

true

cache

public abstract boolean cache

Whether to cache toString() calculations. You should only set this to true if you know the object is immutable (or technically mutable but never changed).

Since:

2.1.0

Default:

false

allNames

public abstract boolean allNames

Whether to include all fields and/or properties in the generated toString, including those with names that are considered internal.

Since:

2.5.0

Default:

false