groovy.transform

Annotation Type Immutable

@Documented
@Retention(value=RUNTIME)
@Target(value=TYPE)
public @interface Immutable

Class annotation used to assist in the creation of immutable classes.

It allows you to write classes in this shortened form:

 @groovy.transform.Immutable class Customer {
     String first, last
     int age
     Date since
     Collection favItems
 }
 def d = new Date()
 def c1 = new Customer(first:'Tom', last:'Jones', age:21, since:d, favItems:['Books', 'Games'])
 def c2 = new Customer('Tom', 'Jones', 21, d, ['Books', 'Games'])
 assert c1 == c2
 

The @Immutable annotation instructs the compiler to execute an AST transformation which adds the necessary getters, constructors, equals, hashCode and other helper methods that are typically written when creating immutable classes with the defined properties.

A class created in this way has the following characteristics:

• The class is automatically made final.
• Properties must be of an immutable type or a type with a strategy for handling non-immutable characteristics. Specifically, the type must be one of the primitive or wrapper types, Strings, enums, other @Immutable classes or known immutables (e.g. java.awt.Color, java.net.URI, java.util.UUID). Also handled are Cloneable classes, collections, maps and arrays, and other "effectively immutable" classes with special handling (e.g. java.util.Date).
• Properties automatically have private, final backing fields with getters. Attempts to update the property will result in a ReadOnlyPropertyException.
• A map-based constructor is provided which allows you to set properties by name.
• A tuple-style constructor is provided which allows you to set properties in the same order as they are defined.
• Default equals, hashCode and toString methods are provided based on the property values. Though not normally required, you may write your own implementations of these methods. For equals and hashCode, if you do write your own method, it is up to you to obey the general contract for equals methods and supply a corresponding matching hashCode method. If you do provide one of these methods explicitly, the default implementation will be made available in a private "underscore" variant which you can call. E.g., you could provide a (not very elegant) multi-line formatted toString method for Customer above as follows:

       String toString() {
          _toString().replaceAll(/\(/, '(\n\t').replaceAll(/\)/, '\n)').replaceAll(/, /, '\n\t')
      }
   

  If an "underscore" version of the respective method already exists, then no default implementation is provided.
• Dates, Cloneables and arrays are defensively copied on the way in (constructor) and out (getters). Arrays and Cloneable objects use the clone method. For your own classes, it is up to you to define this method and use deep cloning if appropriate.
• Collections and Maps are wrapped by immutable wrapper classes (but not deeply cloned!). Attempts to update them will result in an UnsupportedOperationException.
• Fields that are enums or other @Immutable classes are allowed but for an otherwise possible mutable property type, an error is thrown.
• You don't have to follow Groovy's normal property conventions, e.g. you can create an explicit private field and then you can write explicit get and set methods. Such an approach, isn't currently prohibited (to give you some wiggle room to get around these conventions) but any fields created in this way are deemed not to be part of the significant state of the object and aren't factored into the equals or hashCode methods. Similarly, you may use static properties (though usually this is discouraged) and these too will be ignored as far as significant state is concerned. If you do break standard conventions, you do so at your own risk and your objects may no longer be immutable. It is up to you to ensure that your objects remain immutable at least to the extent expected in other parts of your program!

Immutable classes are particularly useful for functional and concurrent styles of programming and for use as key values within maps. If you want similar functionality to what this annotation provides but don't need immutability then consider using @Canonical.

Customising behaviour:

You can customise the toString() method provided for you by @Immutable by also adding the @ToString annotation to your class definition.

Limitations:

• As outlined above, Arrays and Cloneable objects use the clone method. For your own classes, it is up to you to define this method and use deep cloning if appropriate.
• As outlined above, Collections and Maps are wrapped by immutable wrapper classes (but not deeply cloned!).
• Currently BigInteger and BigDecimal are deemed immutable but see: http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=6348370
• java.awt.Color is treated as "effectively immutable" but is not final so while not normally used with child classes, it isn't strictly immutable. Use at your own risk.
• java.util.Date is treated as "effectively immutable" but is not final so it isn't strictly immutable. Use at your own risk.
• Groovy's normal map-style naming conventions will not be available if the first property has type LinkedHashMap or if there is a single Map, AbstractMap or HashMap property.

More examples:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 import groovy.transform.*

 @Canonical
 class Building {
     String name
     int floors
     boolean officeSpace
 }

 // Constructors are added.
 def officeSpace = new Building('Initech office', 1, true)

 // toString() added.
 assert officeSpace.toString() == 'Building(Initech office, 1, true)'

 // Default values are used if constructor
 // arguments are not assigned.
 def theOffice = new Building('Wernham Hogg Paper Company')
 assert theOffice.floors == 0
 theOffice.officeSpace = true

 def anotherOfficeSpace = new Building(name: 'Initech office', floors: 1, officeSpace: true)

 // equals() method is added.
 assert anotherOfficeSpace == officeSpace

 // equals() and hashCode() are added, so duplicate is not in Set.
 def offices = [officeSpace, anotherOfficeSpace, theOffice] as Set  
 assert offices.size() == 2 
 assert offices.name.join(',') == 'Initech office,Wernham Hogg Paper Company'

 @Canonical
 @ToString(excludes='age')  // Customize one of the transformations.
 class Person {
     String name
     int age
 }

 def mrhaki = new Person('mrhaki', 37)
 assert mrhaki.toString() == 'Person(mrhaki)'
 

Since:

1.7

Author:

Paul King, Andre Steingress

See Also:

ToString, Canonical

Optional Element Summary

Optional Elements

Modifier and Type	Optional Element and Description
boolean	copyWith If true, this adds a method copyWith which takes a Map of new property values and returns a new instance of the Immutable class with these values set.
Class[]	knownImmutableClasses Allows you to provide @Immutable with a list of classes which are deemed immutable.
String[]	knownImmutables Allows you to provide @Immutable with a list of property names which are deemed immutable.

Element Detail

knownImmutableClasses

public abstract Class[] knownImmutableClasses

Allows you to provide @Immutable with a list of classes which are deemed immutable. By supplying a class in this list, you are vouching for its immutability and @Immutable will do no further checks. Example:

 import groovy.transform.*
 @Immutable(knownImmutableClasses = [Address])
 class Person {
     String first, last
     Address address
 }

 @TupleConstructor
 class Address {
     final String street
 }
 

Since:

1.8.7

Default:

{}

knownImmutables

public abstract String[] knownImmutables

Allows you to provide @Immutable with a list of property names which are deemed immutable. By supplying a property's name in this list, you are vouching for its immutability and @Immutable will do no further checks. Example:

 @groovy.transform.Immutable(knownImmutables = ['address'])
 class Person {
     String first, last
     Address address
 }
 ...
 

Since:

2.1.0

Default:

{}

copyWith

public abstract boolean copyWith

If true, this adds a method copyWith which takes a Map of new property values and returns a new instance of the Immutable class with these values set. Example:

 @groovy.transform.Immutable(copyWith = true)
 class Person {
     String first, last
 }

 def tim   = new Person( 'tim', 'yates' )
 def alice = tim.copyWith( first:'alice' )

 assert tim.first   == 'tim'
 assert alice.first == 'alice'
 

Unknown keys in the map are ignored, and if the values would not change the object, then the original object is returned. If a method called copyWith that takes a single parameter already exists in the class, then this setting is ignored, and no method is generated.

Since:

2.2.0

Default:

false